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James Ware, M.D., F.R.S. (1756–1815) was an English eye surgeon, and Fellow of the Royal Society, who practiced in London during the Georgian era. He is considered one of the founding fathers of modern ophthalmology in Britain. ==Life and career== Ware was born on 11 February 1756 in Portsmouth, England to Martin Ware and Elizabeth Dale, Martin being the master shipbuilder at the royal dockyards of Sheerness, and later at Plymouth and Deptford. James received his primary education at the Portsmouth grammar school, after which he began a trial apprenticeship on 3 July 1770 to Dr. Ramsay Karr, the surgeon at the King's Yard in Portsmouth, ultimately being bound on 2 March 1771 to Karr as a full apprentice. During this period, he worked with surgeons at the Haslar Naval Hospital, assisting in treatments of the many accidents that were frequent occurrences in the shipyards. Upon conclusion of this apprenticeship, he enrolled as a student on 25 September 1773 at the St. Thomas' Hospital in London, where he remained for three years, making such remarkable progress that Dr. Joseph Else (d. 1780), the surgeon to the hospital, appointed Ware in 1776 as his Demonstrator of Anatomy in Else's medical classes. Ware in London was fortunate enough to meet Jonathan Wathen (c.1728-1808), a prominent London surgeon who specialized in diseases of the eye. This resulted in Ware becoming on 1 January 1777 Wathen's assistant, and then a junior partner on 25 March 1778 in Wathen's practice. This partnership, which is said to have been most beneficial to both men, continued until 1791, when Ware began his own practice at New Bridge Street in London, at which time Wathen took on his grandson Jonathan Wathen Phipps (1789-1853) in Ware's place. Phipps went on to become the oculist of King George III, and later William IV, with Phipps subsequently being knighted as Jonathan Wathen Waller for that service. Wathen, Ware and Phipps were the three foremost eye doctors practicing in London during the latter part of the Georgian era, and they are credited with raising ophthalmology from a vocation of quacks and charlatans, rife with malpractice, into a legitimate branch of modern medical science. Ware was one of the founders in 1788 of the London-based ''Society for the Relief of the Widows and Orphans of Medical Men'', becoming in 1809 the society president. He was also one of the founders in 1800 of the ''School for the Indigent Blind,'' which was modeled after a similar institution established ten years earlier at Liverpool. He was elected on 18 January 1798 as a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, probably being nominated by his old mentor Jonathan Wathen, who was also a fellow in the Society.〔As early as 1781, Jonathan Wathen's name appears with the post-nominal letters F.A.S. attached, and sometimes the more modern version of F.S.A.. Both abbreviations indicate that the bearer is a Fellow in the Society of Antiquaries.〕 Ware was also elected on 11 March 1802 as a Fellow of the Royal Society, being the first "oculist" so admitted, which greatly contributed to the recognition of ophthalmic surgery as a science. Ware was married on 6 August 1787 to Ursula Maitland (1756-1836), who was the widow of Nathaniel Polhill, and the daughter of Robert Maitland. They had eight children, of whom six survived, including Martin Ware (1789-1872), who became an eye doctor, like his father, and later edited some of his father's works. Another son John was an eye doctor also, and for a while shared a practice with Martin. A third son Rev. James Ware (1790-1855) was rector of Wyverstone.〔see the "(Ware Family of Tilford, Farnham )" deposited by Dr. and Mrs. Martin Ware in 1963 and 1975 in the National Archives (Britain) - Surrey History Center. accessed 16 November 2012.〕 James Ware, senior died on 13 April 1815 at the age of 59 at his country house at Turnham Green in Chiswick, London, and is buried in a family tomb at Bunhill Fields in London. This tomb today is a grade II British heritage listed building.〔Ware's tomb at Bunhill Fields is a grade II British listed building (English Heritage Building ID: 1396507). See "Monument to James and Anna Marie Ware" on (British Listed Buildings ). accessed 15 November 2012.〕 There is a painting of Ware by Mather Brown that is engraved by Thomas Cook and appears in front of Pettigrew's (1839) biography of Ware. This same engaving also appears in an 1815 obituary in the ''New European Magazine''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「James Ware (ophthalmologist)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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